Is physical activity associated with resting heart rate in boys and girls? A representative study controlled for confounders / A atividade física está associada à frequência cardíaca de repouso em meninos e meninas? Estudo representativo controlado para fatores de confusão

Abstract Objective: Investigate the relationship between different domains of physical activity and resting heart rate (RHR) in boys and girls. Method: The sample included 1011 adolescents, aged between 10 and 17 years. RHR was measured by a heart rate monitor and physical activity was assessed in total and in three different domains (school, occupational, and sports practice) by a questionnaire. Anthropometry was directly obtained for body mass index and central fat. Ethnicity, sedentary behavior, and smoking habits were self-reported and used to adjust the analysis, through hierarchical linear regression. Results: Total physical activity was associated with low RHR in boys (β = −0.52; 95% CI: −0.92, −0.12) and girls (β = −0.67; 95% CI: −1.07, −0.28). Although sporting physical activities were associated with low RHR in both boys (β = −0.58; 95% CI: −1.05, −0.11) and girls (β = −0.87; 95% CI: −1.34, −0.39), occupational physical activity was related to low RHR only in boys (β = −1.56; 95% CI: −2.99, −0.14). Conclusion: The practice of physical activity in the sport practice domain and total physical activity were related to low RHR in both sexes, while occupational physical activities were associated with RHR only in boys.

Resumo Objetivo Investigar a relação entre diferentes domínios de atividade física e frequência cardíaca de repouso (FCRep) em meninos e meninas. Método A amostra incluiu 1.011 adolescentes, entre 10 e 17 anos. A FCRep foi medida por um monitor de frequência cardíaca e a atividade física foi avaliada no total e em três diferentes domínios (escolar, ocupacional e prática esportiva) através de um questionário. A antropometria foi obtida diretamente para o índice de massa corporal e gordura central. Etnia, comportamento sedentário e tabagismo foram autorrelatados e usados para ajustar a análise, através da regressão linear hierárquica. Resultados A atividade física total foi associada à baixa FCRep nos meninos (β = −0,52; IC95% −0,92; −0,12) e meninas (β = −0,67; IC95% −1,07; −0,28). Embora as atividades físicas esportivas estivessem associadas à baixa FCRep em ambos, meninos (β = −0,58; IC95% −1,05, −0,11) e meninas (β = −0,87; IC95% −1,34, −0,39), a atividade física ocupacional estava relacionada à baixa FCRep apenas em meninos (β = −1,56; IC95% −2,99; −0,14). Conclusão A prática de atividade física no domínio da prática esportiva e a atividade física total foram relacionadas à baixa FCRep em ambos os sexos, enquanto as atividades físicas ocupacionais foram associadas à FCRep apenas em meninos.

Is physical activity associated with resting heart rate in boys and girls? A representative study controlled for confounders.

OBJECTIVE: Investigate the relationship between different domains of physical activity and resting heart rate (RHR) in boys and girls. METHOD: The sample included 1011 adolescents, aged between 10 and 17 years. RHR was measured by a heart rate monitor and physical activity was assessed in total and in three different domains (school, occupational, and sports practice) by a questionnaire. Anthropometry was directly obtained for body mass index and central fat. Ethnicity, sedentary behavior, and smoking habits were self-reported and used to adjust the analysis, through hierarchical linear regression. RESULTS: Total physical activity was associated with low RHR in boys (ß=-0.52; 95% CI: -0.92, -0.12) and girls (ß=-0.67; 95% CI: -1.07, -0.28). Although sporting physical activities were associated with low RHR in both boys (ß=-0.58; 95% CI: -1.05, -0.11) and girls (ß=-0.87; 95% CI: -1.34, -0.39), occupational physical activity was related to low RHR only in boys (ß=-1.56; 95% CI: -2.99, -0.14). CONCLUSION: The practice of physical activity in the sport practice domain and total physical activity were related to low RHR in both sexes, while occupational physical activities were associated with RHR only in boys.

Gender Analyses of Brazilian Parental Eating and Activity With Their Adolescents' Eating Habits.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the associations between the eating habits of sons and daughters and the eating habits, sedentary behavior, and physical activity of their fathers and mothers. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey of adolescents. SETTING: The 6 largest schools in Londrina, Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 842 adolescents, 842 mothers, and 842 fathers participated in this study. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES: Eating habits of adolescents and sedentary behavior, physical activity, and eating habits of their fathers and mothers, measured by questionnaire. ANALYSIS: The associations were identified by binary logistic regression, adjusted by adolescent's age, family's socioeconomic status, parents' educational level, and the other parental behavior. RESULTS: Independent of educational level and socioeconomic condition, mothers' eating behaviors seem to be more closely related to their adolescent children's eating behavior (vegetables, fruits, fried foods, soft drinks, and sweets [P = .001]) than fathers' behaviors (fried foods and sweets [P = .01], soft drinks [P = .001]). In addition, the behaviors of mothers were more associated to the behaviors of daughters than to the behaviors of sons (7 vs 5 associated behaviors), while behaviors of fathers were more associated with the behaviors of sons than to the behaviors of daughters (4 vs 2 associated behaviors). No associations were noted for sedentary and physical activity behavior and eating behaviors between adolescents and their parents. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Many eating habits of adolescents were associated with eating habits of both fathers and mothers, emphasizing the importance of family-focused health promotion actions. Future research is needed incorporating into the analyses, among others, the nutritional statuses and the clustering of healthy and unhealthy behaviors of parents and their children.

Physical activity of parents and of their children: a systematic review of Brazilian sample studies - Report Card Brazil / Atividade física de pais e filhos: uma revisão sistemática de estudos com amostras brasileiras - Report Card Brazil

Abstract The aim of this study was systematically review the researches in regard the association of PA of parents and the PA of their children. A literature search was performed in five databases (Medline, Embase, Cinahl, Lilacs and SciELO) using combined terms about youth, PA and social support, with restriction to publications with Brazilian sample and to English and Portuguese language. Thirteen studies were included in this review and was observed a positive association of parental PA and the PA of their children for the majority of the studies (n=11). Only two studies did not observed significant association between PA of parents and their children and, otherwise, it was not observed negative associations in the review. It was observed different associations according to the gender of both parents and children. This findings support the importance for the practice of PA by parents as encouragement for the practice of PA by their children among Brazilians. The strategies to promote the increase in practice of physical activity of children and adolescents of both genders may consider the social support as an important factor, especially in relation to the practice of PA of their parents.

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi revisar sistematicamente estudos que analisaram a associação da prática de atividade física de pais e filhos. Foi realizada uma busca sistemática em cinco bases de dados (Medline, Embase, Cinahl, Lilacs e SciELO), por meio da combinação de termos sobre crianças e adolescentes, atividade física e suporte social, sendo restrita a estudos contendo amostras brasileiras e escritos em Inglês e/ou Português. Foram incluídos treze estudos na presente revisão e foi observada associação positiva da prática de atividade física de pais e filhos na maioria dos estudos (n=11). Somente dois estudos não observaram associação significativa da atividade física de pais e filhos, contudo não foram observadas associações negativas. Foram observadas diferentes associações de acordo com o gênero tanto dos pais quanto dos filhos. Estes achados ressaltam a importância da prática de atividade física dos pais como incentivo à prática de atividade física dos filhos em amostras brasileiras. Estratégias de promoção da prática de atividade física em crianças e adolescentes de ambos os sexos devem considerar o suporte social como um fator importante, especialmente a respeito da prática de atividade física dos pais.

Obesidade abdominal: prevalência, fatores sociodemográficos e de estilo de vida associados em adolescentes / Abdominal obesity: prevalence, sociodemographic and lifestyle-associated factors in adolescents

INTRODUCTION: Among human development stages, adolescence comprises the period in which intense somatic and behavioural changes occur¹. In this period of life, the presence of detrimental health habits can be consolidated until and into adulthood, and can be a precursor for higher risk of mortality and chronic diseases. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of abdominal obesity and its associated factors among adolescents, independent of confounders. METHODS: A sample of 14-17-year-old individuals (n = 1.231), who were students from Londrina/PR - Brazil public schools, was studied. A questionnaire about physical activity, sedentary behaviour and socioeconomic conditions was applied. Anthropometry was composed of body weight (kg), height (m), body mass index (BMI = kg/m²) and waist circumference (cm). The association of abdominal obesity and independent variables was assessed using the chi-square test and the magnitude of associations was verified using Binary Logistic Regression in an unadjusted model and adjusted for confounders (gender, age, socioeconomic status, physical activity and sedentary behaviour). The confidence interval and statistical significance were set at 95% and 5%, respectively, using SPSS v15.0. RESULTS: The abdominal obesity prevalence was 17.5% (CI = 15.4%-19.6%), and was higher in boys than in girls. Adolescents with abdominal obesity had higher values of body weight, height, body mass index and sedentary behaviour compared to eutrophic individuals. Being male increased the risk of abdominal obesity by 36% in adolescents. This risk was two times higher in those with high levels of sedentary behaviour. CONCLUSION: Abdominal obesity was significantly associated with gender and high levels of sedentary behaviour, regardless of confounding factors. Lifestyle habits are important modifiable risk factors that can effectively contribute to the reduction of obesity from an early age.

OBJETIVO: Verificar a prevalência de obesidade abdominal e fatores associados em adolescentes brasileiros, independentemente de fatores de confusão. MÉTODO: Amostra composta por adolescentes de 14 a 17 anos (n = 1.231), alunos de escolas públicas de Londrina/PR-Brasil. Um questionário sobre o nível de atividade física, comportamento sedentário e condições socioeconômicas foi aplicado. A antropometria foi composta por peso corporal (kg), estatura (m), índice de massa corporal (IMC = kg/m²) e circunferência de cintura (cm). A associação entre obesidade abdominal e as variáveis independentes foi verificada pelo teste qui-quadrado e a magnitude das associações verificada por Regressão Logística Binária no modelo não-ajustado e ajustado por confundidores (sexo, idade, nível socioeconômico, atividade física e comportamento sedentário). O intervalo de confiança e a significância estatística foram fixados em 95% e 5%, respectivamente, por meio da utilização do programa estatístico SPSS v15.0. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de obesidade abdominal foi de 17,5% (IC = 15,4%-19,6%) em adolescentes brasileiros, sendo maior em meninos do que em meninas. Indivíduos com obesidade abdominal apresentaram maiores valores de peso corporal, estatura, índice de massa corporal e comportamento sedentário do que indivíduos eutróficos. Ser do sexo masculino elevou em 50% o risco de adolescentes apresentarem obesidade abdominal. Esse risco foi duas vezes maior nos que tiveram elevado comportamento sedentário. CONCLUSÃO: Obesidade abdominal foi associada significativamente ao sexo e ao elevado comportamento sedentário, independentemente de fatores de confusão. Hábitos de vida são importantes fatores de risco modificáveis que podem contribuir efetivamente na redução da obesidade desde idades precoces.